精胺酸〈arginine〉與瓜胺酸〈citrulline〉
一氧化氮被證實是陰莖勃起的重要分子機轉。神經末稍與陰莖動脈內皮細胞的nitric oxide synthase會將精胺酸轉化形成一氧化氮,作用在血管平滑肌細胞的guanylate cyclase增加cGMP,進一步促使血管平滑肌細胞舒張放鬆,增加血流量而使陰莖勃起;而瓜胺酸則可以避在小腸與肝臟被代謝掉,而能在腎臟被轉化成精胺酸;PDE5 inhibitor就是藉由抑制代謝cGMP的酵素來增加血管平滑肌細胞舒張以維持勃起。2019年發表在The Journal of Sexual Medicine的一篇整合分析了六篇隨機對照試驗顯示,與安慰劑或沒有治療相比,單獨使用精胺酸或瓜胺酸氧人17天至12週的時間,能夠有效改善輕度至中度的性功能障礙;如果合併其他與一氧化氮相關的補充品,如yohimbine〈阻斷突觸前alpha-2 receptor以增加神經末稍一氧化氮的產出〉、pycnogenol〈活化內皮細胞的nitric oxide synthase〉,或是AMP〈增加cAMP〉,其效果更加顯著。若以國際勃起功能指標量表〈International Index of Erectile Function〉評估之,和安慰劑或未治療相較,單獨使用精胺酸或合併其他補充品均能夠增加勃起功能的指標分數。副作用的部分,8.3%的病人報告有輕微的副作用,包括頭痛,皮膚癢,以及失眠。然而,這些隨機對照試驗使用的劑量與治療時間均不相同,需要更高品質的研究確認精胺酸用於性功能障礙的治療效果[13]。
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